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L'objectif de l'étude est de proposer un cadre juridique propice à la biosécurité de Wallis et Futuna, qui réinvestisse les dispositions préexistantes en les étoffant et les renforçant. Cela répond à un contexte où les textes relatifs à la biosécurité de Wallis-et-Futuna étais épars, hétérogènes et en partie obsolètes. Les enjeux de biosécurité poussent à la réflexion vers un corpus complet, cohérent et actualisé en la matière. Le droit international et régional, notamment les directives de Port-Moresby de 2007, permettent d’alimenter la réflexion en la matière. Pour réaliser cette proposition ont été réalisés : (i) des entretiens, (ii) des analyses bibliographiques et synthèses de doctrine, de droit comparé, de droit régional, de droit international, proposition légistique et (iii) des analyses bibliographiques, propositions de listes et de fiches techniques.

Despite a growing body of literature on integrated land–sea management (ILSM), very little critical assessment has been conducted in order to evaluate ILSM in practice on island systems. Here we develop indicators for assessing 10 integrated island management principles and evaluate the performance of planning and implementation in four island ILSM projects from the tropical Pacific across different governance structures. We find that where customary governance is still strongly respected and enabled through national legislation, ILSM in practice can be very effective at restricting access and use according to fluctuations in resource availability. However, decision-making under customary governance systems may be vulnerable to mismanagement. Governmentled ILSM processes have the potential to design management actions that address the spatial scale of ecosystem processes and threats within the context of national policy and legislation, but may not fully capture broad stakeholder interests, and implementation may be poorly coordinated across highly dispersed island archipelagos. Private sector partnerships offer unique opportunities for resourcing island ILSM, although these are highly likely to be geared towards private sector interests that may change in the future and no longer align with community and/or national objectives. We identify consistent challenges that arise during island ILSM planning and implementation and offer recommendations for improvement.

The first international goal for establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) to conserve the ocean’s biodiversity was set in 2002. Since 2006, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has driven MPA establishment, with 193 parties committed to protecting > 10% of marine environments globally by 2020, especially ‘areas of particular importance for biodiversity’ (Aichi target 11). This has resulted in nearly 10 million km2 of new MPAs, a growth of ~360% in a decade. Unlike on land, it is not known how well protected areas capture marine biodiversity, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of existing MPAs and future protection requirements. We assess the overlap of global MPAs with the ranges of 17,348 marine species (fishes, mammals, invertebrates), and find that 97.4% of species have

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