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(PIREP) Pacific Regional Energy Assessment 2004 : an assessment of the key energy issues, barriers to the development of renewable energy to mitigate climate change, and capacity development needs to removing the barriers : Palau national report

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Wade, Herbert

Palau lias an equatorial, marine environment. No cyclones have been recorded though near passages are not unusual when high waves can be a problem. Palau has a strong program for preserving the environment, particularly that of the major tourist attractions including the Rock Islands and the reefs where some of the best diving in the world is found. Marine biodiversity is high and land biodiversity moderate. Strict USA regulations for water and air pollution have been adopted and despite the dense population, environmental quality is generally good though waste management is a problem with some 6500 tonnes of urban waste generated annually. There is a sewer system on Koror but the sewage is dumped beyond the reef without treatment.

Pacific Regional Energy Assessment 2004 : an assessment of the key energy issues, barriers to the development of renewable energy to mitigate climate change, and capacity development needs to removing the barriers : Kiribati National Report / Herbert Wade; Peter Johnston

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Wade, Herbert

The climate is maritime equatorial with temperatures changing little over the years. Daytime averages are in the thirties and night time averages in the twenties. Rainfall varies from north to south with the Phoenix group in the south particularly dry with only around 800mm per year while the northernmost islands receive as much as 3000 mm/year. All of Kiribati, but especially the Line Islands, are affected by the El Nino/El Nina cycle (ENSO) and suffer cyclic droughts. Winds are moderate, seasonal and variable. Cyclones are not a problem in Kiribati with extended droughts the primary natural hazard. Rainwater is the main source of potable water with brackish atoll lens water often used for washing. South Tarawa provides piped water sourced from the atoll fresh water lens and appears to be near the limit that can be pumped from the lens without salt water encroachment. Kiribati is a signatory to most treaties and conventions relating to environmental protection and has a special interest in climate change prevention since even a modest rise in sea level endangers the low lying atoll islands.

(PIREP) Pacific Regional Energy Assessment 2004 : an assessment of the key energy issues, barriers to the development of renewable energy to mitigate climate change, and capacity development needs to removing the barriers : Federated States of Micronesia National Report / Peter Johnston; Herbert Wade

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Johnston, Peter

The 607 islands of the Federated States of Micronesia, north-northeast of Papua New Guinea, extend east to west and north to south over 1500 miles and 600 miles respectively. The land area is 271 square miles with an exclusive economic zone exceeding one million sq. mi. distributed over the four states of Yap, Chuuk. Pohnpei and Kosrae. The islands vary geologically from high and mountainous to low coral atolls. Strong northeast trade winds prevail from December through April and periods of weaker winds occur from May to November. Rainfall is extremely high on the volcanic islands (Kosrae. Pohnpei and Chuuk) sometimes exceeding 400 inches per year. Storms and typhoons are generally more severe in the west.

(PIREP) Pacific Regional Energy Assessment 2004 : an assessment of the key energy issues, barriers to the development of renewable energy to mitigate climate change, and capacity development needs to removing the barriers : Fiji National Report / Peter Johnston; John Vos; Herbert Wade

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Johnston, Peter

Fiji's current development plan emphasises proper management of the environment and sustainable use of natural resources as critical for sustainable development. The plan lists key national environmental issues as land degradation, air and water pollution, refuse disposal, and the expected effects of climate change and sea level rise. Planned actions include better enforcement of legislation, increased public awareness of environmental issues legislation to minimise environmental damage. Energy-related objectives to be addressed by 2005 include a strategy 011 climate change, the reduction of vehicle emissions by 50%. identification of feasible bio fuels to replace petroleum, a ban on adulterated fuels, and environmental audits for all public organisations.

(PIREP) Pacific Regional Energy Assessment 2004 : an assessment of the key energy issues, barriers to the development of renewable to mitigate climate change, and capacity development needs to removing the barriers : Tuvalu National Report / Herbert Wade

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Wade, Herbert

As is the norm for atolls, the soil is low in fertility and only a narrow range of food plants can be supported. The sea is the primary source of local food. The climate is tropical to equatorial. Tuvalu has had tropical cyclones to cause serious damage but their passage is not common though storm surges, winds and heavy rain can be damaging to the low lying islands even if a cyclone does not actually go through Tuvalu. Rainfall averages 3500 mm per year with April - November lower than the rest of the year. Droughts do occur and maintaining a fresh water supply on densely populated Funafuti is increasingly a problem. The primary source is rainwater but in recent years a 65,000 1/d desalinator is also in use. Some pumping from wells is possible but water is brackish and wells can easily be over pumped and cause an incursion of salt water.

(PIREP) Pacific Regional Energy Assessment 2004 : an assessment of the key energy issues, barriers to the development of renewable energy to mitigate climate change, and capacity development needs to removing the barriers : Vanuatu National Report / Peter Johnston

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Johnston, Peter

The Republic of Vanuatu, formerly the New Hebrides, is located about three- quarters from Hawaii to Australia, centred near 16° degrees south latitude and 167 0 east longitude. Vanuatu is mostly mountainous, of volcanic origin with narrow coastal plains. About 41% of all land is cultivable with 14% utilised. Total land area is 12,200 km2 with 65 islands populated of 80 total. It is hot and wet from November through April, and cooler and drier from May - October. In the capital Port Vila, the average temperature is 26°C" and the annual rainfall 2300 mm. Namral hazards include tropical cyclones, volcanism and occasional tsunamis.

SOPAC Project Report 46: Reducing vulnerability of Pacific ACP states - Technical Report - An assessment of coastal processes, impacts, erosion mitigation options and beach mining

SOPAC Secretariat

IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage / prepared by working group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Davidson O.

Loss M.

Metz B

Meyer, L.A.

de Coninck H.C.

This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report provides information for policymakers,scientists and engineers in the field of climate change and reduction of CO2emissions. It describes sources,capture, transport, and storage of CO2. It also discusses the costs, economic potential, and societal issues of the technology, including public perception and regulatory aspects. Storage options evaluated include geological storage, ocean storage, and mineral carbonation. Notably, the report places CO2capture and storage in the context of other climate change mitigation options, such as fuel switch, energy efficiency, renewables and nuclear energy. This report shows that the potential of CO2capture and storage is considerable, and the costs for mitigating climate change can be decreased compared to strategies where only other climate change mitigation options a reconsidered. The importance of future capture and storage of CO2for mitigating climate change will depend on a number of factors, including financial incentives provided for deployment, and whether the risks of storage can be successfully managed. The volume includes a Summary for Policy makers approved by governments represented in the IPCC, and a Technical Summary.The IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage provides invaluable information for researchers in environmental science, geology, engineering and the oil and gas sector, policymakers in governments and environmental organizations, and scientists and engineers in industry.

Possible actions to address climate change and protected area concerns

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Chape, Stuart

The evolution and expansion of the human species over the past few hundred thousand years, an infinitesimal fraction of planetary time, now sees us as the dominant life form on Earth. We are dominant because of our intelligence and adaptability, and our need to constantly strive for newer and better ways of doing things. But there are now six billion of us, predicted to increase to 8-10 billion by 2050, and our domination of the planet is paralleled by the massive impact that we have had on the Earth's ecosystems. A recent mapping of the human footprint on the planet has concluded that more than 80% of the Earth's land surface is directly influenced by humans. We consume 40% of the Earth's net primary productivity, 35% of oceanic shelf productivity and 60% of freshwater runoff. As a result, remaining natural landscapes are rapidly being modified and the Earth's biological diversity continues to decline at an alarming rate. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) has found that in the last several decades 20% of the worlds coral reefs were lost and 20% degraded, while 35% of mangrove area has been lost. The MEA also concluded that humans have likely increased the species extinction rate by as much as 1,000 times over background rates typical throughout Earth's history.

Climate change and biodiversity conservation: knowledge needed to support development of integrated adaptation strategies: report of an e-conference, September 2005

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

UK Presidency of the EU

The impacts of climate change on biodiversity and the degree to which autonomous and directed adaptation will lesson these impacts are likely to be complex and hard to predict. This will make the research information we gain particularly difficult to communicate to the people who will be required to act on this information, namely ecosystem managers, resource managers, the public and policy makers

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