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An investigation into marine resources use and management in Aunu'u American Samoa: a household survey

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

The Marine Protected Area Program - AS Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources

American Samoa is a tropical island located at approximately 14º South and 170º West in the South Pacific. American Samoa consists of five volcanic islands (Tutuila, Aunu'u, Ofu, Olosega and Ta'u), one coral atoll (Rose Atoll) and one low lying island (Swains Island). It is an unincorporated territory of the United States (U.S.) and is the only U.S. jurisdiction in the South Pacific. The most recent population estimate of 70,100 (U.S. DOC 2009) is approximately 13,000 more than the population in 2000 according to the U.S. Census. The islands are surrounded by steeply sloping coral reefs inhabited by over 250 species of coral and over 961 species of fish (Craig 2009). The majority of the population lives on the main island of Tutuila. Tutuila has a land area of 138 km2 and has steeply sloping terrain which provides very little cultivable land for the inhabitants.

The South Pacific Islands earthquake and tsunami of 29th September 2009: a preliminary field report / EEFIT

Environmental Governance, Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation, Waste Management and Pollution Control

Available Online

The magnitude 8.3Mw earthquake struck 175 kilometres south of the Samoan Islands on 29 September 2009 at 6:48am local time. A few minutes later, a series of earthquake triggered tsunami waves hit American Samoa, Western Samoa and the small northern island of Niuatoputapu in Tonga. The tsunami waves, some of which are said to have been as high as 6m, caused fatalities, casualties and devastated entire communities in the Pacific Island countries.

Annotated checklist of the CITES-listed corals of Fiji with reference to Vanuatu, Tonga, Samoa and American Samoa

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Lovell, Edward R.

McLardy, Claire

The harvest of coastal resources for the aquarium trade provides important economic opportunities for Pacific Island countries. Of particular relevance is the trade in hard corals, for which exports are controlled under the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Natural history guide to American Samoa

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Craig, P.

This remote chain of 13 islands (9 inhabited) and two atolls is located 140 south of the equator near the International Date Line. It is divided into two political entities, the US Territory of American Samoa and the neighboring independent country of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa. The land area of (western) Samoa is approximately 15 times larger than the land area of American Samoa

Post-Tsunami coastal resource damage assessment, Tutuila, American Samoa

Available Online

Coral Reef Advisory Group

Overall, it appears that there are no urgent environmental health concerns although a number of items will require significant attention during the coming weeks to ensure that ecological impacts are minimized. The most severe damage was found at Poloa, Amanave, Leone, Pago Pago, Alao, and Tula although widespread damage was also reported from Masefau, Vatia, Amaluia, and Asili. Marine and coastal debris is going to need extensive manual labor to assist with removal. Ideally, SCUBA divers would be used to check for sunken debris in deeper water, such as pieces of tin roof, as the longer the debris is left in the environment, the more likely coral reef damage is going to occur. Additionally, surveys are currently underway to assess general damage to reefs from the force of the wave although existing staff and equipment is minimal. No severe impacts to wildlife were noted from land other than small to moderate numbers of reef fish washed ashore in certain locations. Nearly all affected coastlines are suitable for staging areas.

American Samoa: summary of species on the 2008 IUCN Red List

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation, BRB

Available Online

IUCN

The Pacific islands of Oceania cover almost 15% of the worlds surface and are characterised by a high degree of ecosystem and species diversity. The region is characterised by thousands of isolated small coral atolls and higher volcanic islands, which has led to the high diversity of species found today. In fact, the number of plants and animals found nowhere else on earth (endemic species) is extremely high - often up to 90% for particular groups. Often, these rare and endemic species are adapted to specialised habitats and limited to small areas of a few islands. With economic and cultural dependence on the natural environment very high in the Pacific islands, along with a rapidly expanding human population, there are ever increasing demands on the regions natural resources. Plant and animal species are therefore vulnerable to extinction from climate change, competition from introduced (invasive) species and human impacts such as habitat destruction, over-harvesting of species and pollution.

The Pacific Islands: an analysis of the status of species as listed on the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Island, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, US Minor outlying islands, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation, BRB

Available Online

Pippard, Helen

The Pacific islands of Oceania cover almost 15% of the worlds surface and are characterised by a high degree of ecosystem and species diversity. The region is characterised by thousands of isolated small coral atolls and higher volcanic islands, which has led to the high diversity of species found today. In fact, the number of plants and animals found nowhere else on earth (endemic species) is extremely high - often up to 90% for particular groups. Often, these rare and endemic species are adapted to specialised habitats and limited to small areas of a few islands. With economic and cultural dependence on the natural environment very high in the Pacific islands, along with a rapidly expanding human population, there are everincreasing demands on the regions natural resources. Plant and animal species are therefore very vulnerable to extinction from climate change, competition from introduced (invasive) species and human impacts such as habitat destruction, over-harvesting of species and pollution.

American Samoa as a fishing community

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Allen, Stewart

Levine, Arielle

The role of fishing as a central and organizing force for communities in American Samoa has undergone dramatic changes over the past 50 years or more. The islands population has more than tripled over that time period, with a steady shift from a largely subsistence-oriented economy to a cash-based economy. Fishing events such as the annual atule and palolo harvests continue to organize and mobilize many villages, but a smaller percent of American Samoans are taking part in these activities today, and the role of fishing as a central aspect of community within American Samoan life and culture has become less prominent over time. Fishing and marine resources are universally considered to be important aspects of faa Samoa, the Samoan way of life, but access to cash income and ready availability of food imports have made American Samoans less inclined to engage in fishing.

American Samoa Ocean Resource Management Plan

Biodiversity Conservation

The American Samoa coral reef monitoring program : an integrated long-term monitoring plan for the Territory : a report from the American Samoa Coral Reef Monitoring Workshop Resources and Coral Reef Advisory Group to the Governor

Available Online

Cornish, A.S.

Wilson, D.T.

In March 2002, a workshop was held to build a comprehensive long-term monitoring plan for American Samoa by coordinating existing monitoring programs and identifying areas where additional monitoring/research was needed. The primary achievement of the plan is to identify and define core sites on the main islands of Tutuila and the Manua group in order to mesh existing programs monitoring corals, fishes and water quality. The priority for these and future monitoring programs will be to monitor these core sites, of which there are eight on Tutuila and six on each of the islands of Ofu/Olosega and Tau. The other major monitoring initiative is that of the multi-disciplinary Coral Reef Ecosystem Investigation surveys which will monitor alternative sites on Tutuila and the Manua group, as well as remote Swains Island and Rose Atoll. The monitoring plan acts as an in-depth guide to coral reef monitoring in American Samoa by detailing the goals and methodologies of these and other major monitoring programs, notably of the various Marine Protected Areas. Listing the workshop recommendations for additional monitoring/research needed for comprehensive long-term monitoring completes the plan.

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