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Governance of marine biodiversity in areas beyong national jurisdiction at the regional level: filling the gaps and strengthening the framework for action: case studies from the North-East Atlantic, Southern Ocean, Western Indian Ocean, South West Pacific and the Sargasso Sea
Biodiversity Conservation
Available Online

Druel, Elisabeth ... [et al.]

2012
Marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is currently facing increasing human pressures and growing threats. For these reasons, it is at the heart of numerous international discussions, including a process launched under the auspices of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). However, while discussions are ongoing at the international level, it is becoming increasingly apparent and relevant that action at the regional level is imperative to protect marine biodiversity in ABNJ for at least three reasons: because the regional level is today the most operational level; as progress made within regional frameworks could positively influence discussions at the international level; and if a multilateral agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) on marine biodiversity in ABNJ is adopted in the future, it is likely to call for a role for the regional level. Therefore, the main issue raised in this study is the need to reinforce the regional level. In order to address this subject, the following study analyses five different regional frameworks, making the stake of the situation, highlighting the major gaps and identifying options to encompass them. The regions studied are the North-East Atlantic, the Southern Ocean, the Western Indian Ocean (WIO), the South West Pacific and the Wider Caribbean Region coupled with the Sargasso Sea.
Designing Coastal Adaptation Strategies to Tackle Sea Level Rise
Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation
Available Online

Bongarts Lebbe, Théophile

2021
Faced with sea level rise and the intensification of extreme events, human populations living on the coasts are developing responses to address local situations. A synthesis of the literature on responses to coastal adaptation allows us to highlight different adaptation strategies. Here, we analyze these strategies according to the complexity of their implementation, both institutionally and technically. First, we distinguish two opposing paradigms – fighting against rising sea levels or adapting to new climatic conditions; and second, we observe the level of integrated management of the strategies. This typology allows a distinction between four archetypes with the most commonly associated governance modalities for each. We then underline the need for hybrid approaches and adaptation trajectories over time to take into account local socio-cultural, geographical, and climatic conditions as well as to integrate stakeholders in the design and implementation of responses. We show that dynamic and participatory policies can foster collective learning processes and enable the evolution of social values and behaviors. Finally, adaptation policies rely on knowledge and participatory engagement, multi-scalar governance, policy monitoring, and territorial solidarity. These conditions are especially relevant for densely populated areas that will be confronted with sea level rise, thus for coastal cities in particular.