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Identifying hotspots of biological diversity is a key step in a conservation prioritisation. Melanesia centred on the vast island of New Guinea - is increasingly for its exceptionally species rich and endemic biota. Here we show that Melanesia has the world's most diverse insular amphibian fauna, with over 7% of recognised global fog species in less than 0.7% of the world's land area and over 97% of species endemic.

The containment of the spread of covid 19 pandemic and limitations on commercial activities, mobility and manufacturing sector have significantly affected waste management, Waste management is critical to human development and health outcomes, especially during the covid 19 pandemic. The invaluable service provided by the waste management, sector ensures that the unusual heaps of waste that poses health risks and escalate the spread of covid 19 is avoided. in this study, we assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on waste management by observing lockdown and social distancing measures.