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Marine coastal ecosystems (MCEs) provide a myraid of services on which governments, businesses and society depend. MCESs include coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass, oyster beds and reeds, salt marshes and sandy beaches and dunes.

Climate finance has always been a issues at the UN climate negotiations. The support to developing countries for mitigation (eg promoting renewable energy or low carbon transport) and adaptation (eg making the agricultural and water sector climate resilient to physical climate impacts) is key to building and maintaining trust.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) as a natural hazard pose a major threat and risk to the human population globally. This threat is expected to increase in a warming climate as the frequency of severe TCs in expected to increase.

The 3-dimensilan structure of living coral communities provides frictional resistance to waves and currents. Coral bleaching events can lead to a shift in coral assemblages toward stress-tolerant colonies, potentially reducing reef structural complexity and inturn wave attenuation.