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Building gendered approaches to adaptation in the Pacific
Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation
Available Online

Lane Ruth

,

McNaught

2009
This article reflects upon how gendered approaches to climate-change adaptation can be strengthened in the Pacific region. The article looks at what has been learnt in the region, surveys some examples of best practice in gender-responsive programming, identifies the challenges we face on our journey, and suggests future directions. It is a collaborative effort, comprising input from a number of agencies who have been proactive in the areas of gender, climate change, and disaster risk-reduction in the Pacific Region, including: the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement in the Pacific region; the UNDP Pacific Centre; and World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF) Fiji Country Programme.
Waste management on atolls : discussion paper
Biodiversity Conservation, Waste Management and Pollution Control
Available Online
Atolls represent a special challenge for waste managers. The lack of physical space, the very porous substrate of coral, the use of the groundwater and the excessive quantities of packaging arising from imported goods all make disposal in sanitary landfills problematic. Sometimes, goods that have already been substantially exhausted, such as older cars, are imported due to their lower purchase price for the consumer but a high and unfunded cost for government in disposal. However, the shortened usable life only places more pressure and cost on the resultant waste disposal. The lack of financial resources and technical capacity also reduces the application of incineration as a viable disposal option. This issue with disposal forces atolls to concentrate on minimizing waste as a focus for an integrated cost-effective management strategy'.
Samoa's 102 year meteorological record and a preliminary study on agricultural product and ENSO variability
Climate Change Resilience
Available Online

Aung Than

,

Solofa Dean

2004
This paper seeks to find a relationship between the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability and crop production. Precipitation and mean temperature were examined first to establish an ENSO relationship while primary sector macroeconomic and crops data were analyzed to note any significant variations in output linked to ENSO impacts of significant occurrence. Institutional strengthening and improved access to markets, both local and regional, and sector development programmes however have made this assessment difficult. Subsistence agriculture (and fisheries), said to the backbone and economic mainstay of Samoa’s primary sector, ideally the best source of ENSO impacts unfortunately remains the data poor sector.
Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options
Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation
Available Online

Duke Norman C

,

Ellison Joanna

,

Field Colin

,

Gilman, Eric L

2008
Mangrove ecosystems are threatened by climate change. We review the state of knowledge of mangrove vulnerability and responses to predicted climate change and consider adaptation options. Based on available evidence, of all the climate change outcomes, relative sea-level rise may be the greatest threat to mangroves. Most mangrove sediment surface elevations are not keeping pace with sea-level rise, although longer term studies from a larger number of regions are needed. Rising sea-level will have the greatest impact on mangroves experiencing net lowering in sediment elevation, where there is limited area for landward migration. The Pacific Islands mangroves have been demonstrated to be at high risk of substantial reductions. There is less certainty over other climate change outcomes and mangrove responses. More research is needed on assessment methods and standard indicators of change in response to effects from climate change, while regional monitoring networks are needed to observe these responses to enable educated adaptation. Adaptation measures can offset anticipated mangrove losses and improve resistance and resilience to climate change. Coastal planning can adapt to facilitate mangrove migration with sea-level rise. Management of activities within the catchment that affect long-term trends in the mangrove sediment elevation, better management of other stressors on mangroves, rehabilitation of degraded mangrove areas, and increases in systems of strategically designed protected area networks that include mangroves and functionally linked ecosystems through representation, replication and refugia, are additional adaptation options.
Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific
Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation

Bell, Johann D.

2009
Fish is a mainstay of food secuity for Pacific island countries and territories (PICTs), Recent household income and expenditure surveys, and socio-economic surveys, demostrate that subsistence fishing still provides the great majority of dietary animal protein in the region. Forecasts of the fish required in 2030 to meet recommended per capita fish consumption, or to maintain current consumption, indicate that even well-managed coastal fisheries will only be able to meet the demand in 6 0f 22 PICTs. Governments of many PICTs will need to increase local access to tuna, and develop small-pond aquaculture, to provide food security. Diversifying the supply of fish will also make rural households in the Pacific more resilient to natural disasters, social and political instability, and the uncertainity of climate change
Biology and impacts of Pacific Island Invasive species 4. Verbesina encelioides, Golden Crownbeard (Magnoliopsida: Asteraceae)
Biodiversity Conservation, BRB
Available Online

Clements, David R.

,

Feenstra, Kathleen R.

2008
Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray, golden crownbeard, is a sunflower-like herbaceous annual plant ranging in height from 0.3 to 1.7 m with showy yellow flowers. It is native to the southwestern United States, the Mexican Plateau, and other parts of tropical America. Its invasive characteristics include high seed production (as many as 300-350 seeds per flower and multiple flowers per plant), seed dormancy, ability to tolerate dry conditions, and possible allelopathic effects. Disturbed areas with a relatively sandy substrate within warm, arid climate zones are vulnerable to invasion by V. encelioides. Veresina encelioides is found on all of the main Hawaiian islands except Ni'ihau but is particularly problematic on Midway and Kure Atoll, where it may threaten the habitat of nesting birds such as Laysan and black-footed albatrosses and Christmas and wedge-tailed shearwaters. Many other Pacific islands with similar habitats could be invaded by the V. encelioides. The plant has become naturalised in many other U.S. states, parts of South America, the Bahamas, Cuba, the Dominican Republic Puerto Rico, parts of Europe, Saudi Arabia, India, Ethiopia, Morocco, Botswana, Namibia, Israel, and Australia. It is a pest of various crops in the southern United States and India and is poisonous to sheep and cattle. Verbesina encelioides can be controlled via herbicides or mechanical means, but measures must be repeated due to the presence of persistent seed banks. Further research on V. encelioides is needed to understand its population dynamics, allelopathic properties, and impacts on natural ecosystems.
The Global International Waters assessment for the Pacific islands: aspects of transboundary, water shortage, and coastal fisheries issues
Biodiversity Conservation
Available Online

Carpenter Clive

,

Lawedraw Alena

,

Pratt Craig

,

Resture Alan

,

Skelton Posa A

,

South, G. Robin

,

Veitayaki Joeli

2004
This report summarizes some of the main concerns and issues identified in a detailed assessment of the Pacific Islands GIWA subregion. The GIWA methodology used in this assessment is reported elsewhere in this issue of Ambio. The region contains a baffling diversity of island types and corresponding terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems covering some 30 million km2 of ocean space. There is also great geographic, demographic and developmental diversity. Differences in climate, geological resources, topographical features, soil types, mineral and water availability, extent of coral reefs and diversity of terrestrial, freshwater and marine flora and fauna, are also features of the region.
The three screen doors: Can marine protected areas be effective?
Biodiversity Conservation, Waste Management and Pollution Control
Available Online

Jameson, Stephen C.

,

Ridley, Jonathan M.

,

Tupper, Mark H.

The three screen doors: Can marine protected areas be effective?
Pacific nations spotlight impact of climate change during UN Assembly debate
Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation

UN News Central, Pacnews

Pacific nations spotlight impact of climate change during UN Assembly debate
Status of policy and target development and implementation for marine protected areas/marine managed areas in the Pacific Islands Region: a preliminary assessment and future directions
Biodiversity Conservation
Available Online

Benzaken, Dominique

,

Miller-Taei, Sue

,

Wood Louisa

2007
This paper is based on presentations and discussions held during a marine managed areas (MMAs)2 session organised by NOAA, SPREP and Conservation International (CI) as part of the “Our Seas of Islands” Regional Forum for Oceania on MMAs convened by NOAA, UNESCO and partners held in Hawaii in January 2007. The overall objective of the session was to promote a shared understanding of the extent and diversity of MPA/MMA approaches and key lessons learned in their design, and to identify practical and strategic future actions to further apply these tools in the Oceania marine realm.

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