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From locally managed marine areas to indigenous and community conserved oceans

Available Online

Govan, Hugh

The importance of the work carried out by local communities across the globe in coastal resources and fisheries management cannot be underestimated - and communities in the Pacific islands are no exception.

Marshall Islands Country-based Handbook

APCC

The Republic of Korea-Paci c Islands Climate Prediction Services project (ROK-PI CLIPS) seeked to provide nationally tailored seasonal climate prediction information and build the prediction capacity of the PICTs. This project was funded by the Government of Korea through the Pacific Island Forum Secretariat (PIFS) and was implemented by the APEC Climate Center (APCC) and the Secretariat of the Pacifc Regional Environment Program (SPREP).

Kiribati Islands Country-based Handbook

APCC

The Republic of Korea-Paci c Islands Climate Prediction Services project (ROK-PI CLIPS) seeked to provide nationally tailored seasonal climate prediction information and build the prediction capacity of the PICTs. This project was funded by the Government of Korea through the Pacific Island Forum Secretariat (PIFS) and was implemented by the APEC Climate Center (APCC) and the Secretariat of the Pacifc Regional Environment Program (SPREP).

kiribati

Economics of Harmful Invasive Species: A review

Gren, Ing-Marie

Marbuah, George

McKie, Brendan

The purpose of this study is to review theoretical and empirical findings in economics with respect to the challenging question of how to manage invasive species. The review revealed a relatively large body of literature on the assessment of damage costs of invasive species; single species and groups of species at different geographical scales. However, the estimated damage costs show large variation, from less than 1 million USD to costs corresponding to 12% of gross domestic product, depending on the methods employed, geographical scale, and scope with respect to inclusion of different species. Decisions regarding optimal management strategies, when to act in the invasion chain and which policy to choose, have received much less attention in earlier years, but have been subject to increasing research during the last decade. More difficult, but also more relevant policy issues have been raised, which concern the targeting in time and space of strategies under conditions of uncertainty. In particular, the weighting of costs and benefits from early detection and mitigation against the uncertain avoidance of damage with later control, when the precision in targeting species is typically greater is identified as a key challenge. The role of improved monitoring for detecting species and their spread and damage has been emphasized, but questions remain on how to achieve this in practice. This is in contrast to the relatively large body of literature on policies for mitigating dispersal by trade, which is regarded as one of the most important vectors for the spread of invasive species. On the other hand, the literature on how to mitigate established species, by control or adaptation, is much more scant. Studies evaluating causes for success or failure of policies against invasive in practice are in principal non-existing.

Learning-by-catching: Uncertain invasive-species populations and the value of information

Burnett, Kimberly

D'Evelyn, Sean T.

Roumasset, James A.

Tarui, Nori

This paper develops a model of invasive species control when the species population size is unknown. In the face of an uncertain population size, a resource managers species-control efforts provide two potential bene ts: (1) a direct bene t of possibly reducing the population of invasive species, and (2) an indirect bene t of information acquisition (due to learning about the population size, which reduces uncertainty). We provide a methodology that takes into account both of these bene ts, and show how optimal management decisions are altered in the presence of the indirect bene t of learning. We then apply this methodology to the case of controlling the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on the island of Saipan. We nd that the indirect bene tthe value of information to reduce uncertaintyis likely to be quite large.

Taking the sting out of the Little Fire Ant in Hawaii

Lee, Donna J.

Leung, PingSun

Motoki, Michael

Nakamoto, Stuart T.

Vanderwoude, Casper

Inthe1990's,LittleFireAnts(LFAs)founditswaytotheislandofHawaii,mostlikelytravelingwithashipmentof potted plantsfrom Florida.These plants weresubsequentlysold toconsumers along theeastcoast of theIsland, alongwithLittleFireAntcolonieslivinginthepottingmedium.LFAisnowthrivingandcontinuestospread.Fifteenyearsaftertheinitialdetectionin1999,LFAhasspreadtoover4000locationsontheislandofHawaiiandhas beenfoundinisolatedlocationsonKauai,Maui,andOahuIslands.Currenteffortsareexpectedtocontaintheinfestations on the otherislands but signi cant additional investment isneeded tohalt therapid spread of LFA on the island of Hawaii. Increased management expenditures can suppress infestations; reduce spread between sectors; and decrease long-term management costs, damages, and stings.| Animmediateexpenditureof$8millioninthenext23yearsplusfollow-upprevention,monitoring,andmitigation treatments will yield $1.210 billion in reduced control costs, $129 million in lowered economic damages, 315 million fewer human sting incidents, and 102 million less pet sting incidents over 10 years.| Over35years,thebene tsinclude$5.496billioninreducedcontrolcosts,$538millionlesseconomicdamages, 2.161 billion fewer human sting incidents, and 762 million fewer pet sting incidents.

Principles for effective communication and public engagement on climate change - A handbook for IPCC authors

Available Online

Corner, A. Shaw, C. Clarke, J.

The Working Group I Technical Support Unit of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) commissioned Climate Outreach to produce an evidence-based, practical communications handbook tailored for IPCC authors. This publication has not gone through an official IPCC approval process and is not formally endorsed by the IPCC.

Asia Pacific Symposium on Mangrove Ecosystems : proceedings of the international conference held at Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, September 1-3, 1993

Tam, Nora F.Y. (ed.)

Wong, Yuk-Shan (ed.)

Mangrove ecosystems are typical formations found in coastal deposits of mud and silt throughout the tropics and some distance into the subtropical latitudes. The total worldwide mangrove area, which is estimated at about 170,000 km2 with some sixty species of trees and shrubs exclusive to the habitat, dominates approximately 75% of the world's coastline between latitudes 25 0 N and 25 0 S. Intertidal ecosystems such as this support genetically diverse communities of terrestrial and aquatic organisms that are of direct or indirect socioeconomic value. It is generally accepted that mangrove forests play important roles such as coastal stabilization and protection against winds and storms; producers of nutrients, forest resources and animal species of economic importance. Recently, the issues on the conservation, proper utilization and management of mangrove forests have been widely discussed in the scientific arena. Unfortunately, over-exploitation and destruction of mangroves have become a worldwide phenomenon which seriously threatens the sustain ability of these ecosystems. The deliberations of this symposium are therefore timely. Its purpose is to promote scientific exchange and regional collaborations in various aspects of research work on studies of mangroves. This special volume includes a large number of the papers presented during the symposium on three main areas, namely recent advances in mangrove ecology; application and utilization of mangrove resources, and conservation and management of the ecosystems. In addition to exchanging information on the principles and techniques, the participants had also come up with a conference recommendation which urged countries of the participants to pay attention to the protection and management of mangroves in their own countries. We would like to take this opportunity to thank the Guest Editorial Board for their hard work in reviewing all the manuscripts and all the authors for their contribution to this special issue. Finally, we would like to thank the sponsors, namely the Hong Kong Croucher Foundation, the Caltex Green Fund, the Hong Kong Electric Co. Ltd., the International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (Headquarters in Japan) and the World Wide Fund for Nature of Hong Kong, for their generous support of this event.

Paris Climate Agreement: Beacon of Hope

Available Online

Ross J. Salawitch, Timothy P. Canty, Austin P. Hope, Walter R. Tribett, Brian F. Bennett

On 11 November 2014, a remarkable event occurred. President Barack Obama of the United States and President Xi Jinping of China announced a bilateral agreement to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that cause global warming by their respective nations. On 12 December 2015, a year and a month later, representatives of 195 countries attending the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change meeting in Paris, France, announced the Paris Climate Agreement. The goal of the Paris Climate Agreement is to limit the future emission of GHGs such that the rise in global mean surface temperature will be no more than 1.5 °C (target) or 2.0 °C (upper limit) above the pre-industrial level. The Paris Climate Agreement utilizes an approach for reducing the emissions of GHGs that is distinctly different than earlier efforts. The approach for Paris consists of a series of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), submitted by the worlds nations, reflecting either a firm commitment (unconditional INDCs) or a plan contingent on financial and/or technological support (conditional INDCs). The ObamaXi announcement was instrumental in the framing of the Paris Climate Agreement. The INDCs submitted by the USA and China were built closely upon the November 2014 bilateral announcement. China and the USA rank number one and two, respectively, in terms of national emission of GHGs. Practically speaking, unified global action to combat global warming required these two nations to get on the same page.

climate change

Satellite Earth Observations and Their Impact on Society and Policy

Available Online

Masami Onoda, Oran R Young

Large-scale environmental problems have become prominent byproducts of the interactions between human activities and the biophysical settings in which they occur. Some of these problems, such as the destruction of tropical forests, arise in areas within the jurisdiction of individual states but have consequences (e.g., biodiversity loss, climate change) that are regional to global in scope. Other problems, including the seasonal thinning of the stratospheric ozone layer, occur in areas that lie beyond the jurisdiction of nation states. Still others, like marine dead zones, originate in areas within the jurisdiction of individual states but can spread and have impacts on areas outside these jurisdictional boundaries. In all these cases, efforts to come to terms with the relevant problems require international (often global) responses that call for transboundary cooperation and, more often than not, eventuate in the development of regulatory arrangements designed to limit or even prohibit the human actions that give rise to the problems.

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