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Volcanic ash(VA) id formed during volcanic eruptions and is considered as natural pozzolan as per ASTMC618-93, a standard specific action fro 'Fly ash and raw or calcinated natural pozzolan for use as a mineral. Admixture in Portland cement concrete. It can be suitably used in cement, mortar and concrete. This paper presents comprehensive details of the physical, chemical properties of volcanic ash. It also covers effect of volcanic ash slump. compressive strength, porosity, permeability and sulfate resistance of concrete.

The sea occupies three quarters of the area on the earth and provides various kinds of resources to mankind in the form of minerals, food, medicines and even energy. Seabed exploitation specifically with recovery of the resources that are found on the seabed, in the form of solids, liquids and gases. The resources are abundant, nevertheless the recovery process from the seabed, poses various challenges to mankind.

The Fagaloa Volcanics, the oldest of which have reverse polarity implying an age greater than 1,000,000 years, form much of Upolu and Savai'i at depth, particularly in the east. They have significantly lower void ratios and higher densities than most other rocks, due to compaction before erosion, to vesicle filling, and to deep weathering. There is thus a marked tendency for bulk density to increase with depth, made the more marked because relatively dense vitric tuffs, formed like the young Vini Tuff, by eruptions directly into the sea, are presumably more common in the lower part of the volcanic pile.

The world’s more than 200 000 protected areas come in many forms, on land and at sea, and occur in every country (Bertzky et al. 2012). They are places that people establish to conserve natural and cultural heritage and to sustain their benefits for society. Among other values, protected areas allow people to connect with nature for their inspiration, education, well-being and recreation. While protecting ecosystems that are essential for life, they can support human livelihoods and aspirations and offer nature-based solutions for the complex challenges faced by the world today.

This dissertation examines the relationship between contemporary development projects and the Fijian idea vanua which is commonly translated as “land” but entails meanings of people, community, and custom. Often treated as a rigid cosmological entity with its own cultural order, in this dissertation I argue that when viewed as an environmental framework in which historical actors and ideas are constantly moving in and out, vanua is actually flexible, open-ended, and has the capacity to interact and collaborate with contemporary development projects such as environmental conservation and commercial farming. This capacity is built from the entanglement of diverse historical forces (e.g. indigenous politics, pre-colonial capitalism, colonial policies) which still resonate in the environment today, and is able to affect the realization of the universal values (e.g. environmentalism, development) intended to be introduced. Here I use a small coastal village called Waitabu located on Taveuni Island as the ethnographic setting to demonstrate how these processes are played out.

The Pacific Islands region is currently experiencing an intensification of interest in culture of an enabler, rather than an inhibitor of development.

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)

The regionally unique Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu provides that ―all land in Vanuatu belongs to custom owners and their descendants‖ and that the ―rules of custom shall form the basis of ownership and use of land.‖1Implementing this principle, however,after decades of land alienation by foreign ersusing alien laws has proven to be challenging. Concerns over actual and perceived problems of land alienation through leasing in Vanuatu triggered a National Land Summit in 2006,2followed by an Interim Transitional Implementation Strategy and a National Land Review, all of which set the stage for a legislative and administrative reform agenda and served as a guide to short-and long-term assistance to the land sector.