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The climate, land, energy and water systems (CLEWs) approach guides the development of integrated assessments. The approach includes an analytical component that can be performed using a simple accounting methods, soft-linking tools, incorporating cross-systems considerations in sectoral models, or using one modelling tool to represent CLEW systems.

Anthropogenic activities continue to be a major source of recalcitrant toxicants such as heavy metals (HMs) in the environment.

Volcanic ash(VA) id formed during volcanic eruptions and is considered as natural pozzolan as per ASTMC618-93, a standard specific action fro 'Fly ash and raw or calcinated natural pozzolan for use as a mineral. Admixture in Portland cement concrete. It can be suitably used in cement, mortar and concrete. This paper presents comprehensive details of the physical, chemical properties of volcanic ash. It also covers effect of volcanic ash slump. compressive strength, porosity, permeability and sulfate resistance of concrete.

This paper focuses on aspects of governance and management of seabed minerals. Cook islands is presented as an example of a Pacific small island developing State (PSIDS) that has progressed a range of governance and protocols to a mature level particularly considering it's small population.