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The main objective of this work is to provide an introduction and sense of direction (i.e. a “Gateway”) into the complicated world of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). It by no means intends to serve as a comprehensive overview of this vast field. It provides one entry point for engaging in PES, and was designed to fit into the broader Livelihoods and Landscapes (LLS) strategy, as developed by IUCN’s Forest Conservation Programme.

The burning of fossil fuels is generating levels of what one might term ‘brown’ and ‘black’ carbon in the atmosphere and unless checked may take global temperatures above a threshold of 2 ̊C. Dramatic reductions are possible by accelerating energy efficiency measures and boosting the deployment of cleaner energy generation and renewables such as solar, wind and geothermal. Over the past few years science has been illuminating other sources of emissions and other opportunities for action. Deforestation for example now accounts for close to 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions

The Act declared Helen Reef as a State Marine Protected Area and called for a creation of a Management Plan. However, a Draft Management Plan came out of an Action Plan which satisfied the requirements from the Act. The Plan consists of a Vision that states: “We the Hatohobei people envision our islands to have an abundance of natural resources, a pristine healthy environment, and our community and friends are engaged in the sustainable use and management, utilizing traditional and scientific knowledge of our natural resources for us all today and our children for the future”

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) states unequivocally that the world is warming. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of how climate change is affecting natural and human systems. There is increasing concern about the likely implications of climate change on poverty, economic growth, ecosystem services, livelihood opportunities as well as overall human development.

The work on the National Strategic Plan started in December 2007 when the NEC acting on advice from the NPC appointed a three-person team to develop a framework for a long term strategy. In 2008, the NPC Technical Advisory Team consulted with all heads of Government Departments and Agencies, all Provincial Administrators, executives of most political parties and the private sector."