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Global increases in beach sand temperatures are predicted to skew hatchling sexratios of marine turtle populations towards female bias. Currently, shade structures and fresh-water irrigation are management strategies used to cool nest temperatures, but require resources that are limited at remote rookeries. Here, we report on a novel investigation that used seawater irrigation as a sand-cooling method. Various volumes of seawater were applied to sand to deter-mine the optimal application required to lower sand temperatures at nest depth to produce male-biased sex ratios.

The purpose of this report is to summarise a review of the degree to which climate change has so far been mainstreamed in national strategic plans, policies and budgets, and – in a sectoral case study (presented in Annex 1) – the extent to which mainstreaming has translated to implementation. Table 1 shows the criteria used in this review to assess the degree of mainstreaming of climate change, as well as some general remarks in relation to the review’s findings for Tuvalu.

Fish aggregating devices, more commonly called FADs, are anchored or drifting objects that are put in the ocean to attract fish. Tuna and other fish gather around FADs, which makes it easier to find and catch them. Fish also aggregate under drifting logs and even whales, and rules on fishing around FADs often apply to all objects drifting on or near the sea surface, which attract fish.