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Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs) such as Seagrass and mangrove (SaM) ecosystem provide substantial ecological economic and social benefits, significantly supporting the lives and livelihoods of Pacific Island Nations. Ecologically these habitats serve as critical nurseries for numerous marine species, enhancing biodiversity and supporting fisheries that are vital for food security.

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs) such as Seagrass and Mangrove (SaM) ecosystems provide substantial ecological economic, and social benefits, significantly supporting the lives and livelihoods of Pacific Island Nations. SaMs capture and store carbon, acting as highly effective carbon sinks and play a crucial role in climate change mitigation.

The North Pentecost Key Biodiversity Area was identified under the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund East Melanesian Islands Ecosystem Profile. The trigger species for the KBA comprised Vanuatu White-eye and New Hebrides Honeyeater. The survey, in 2022, indicated that, while Vanuatu White-eye occurs commonly throughout the KBA, the total area of the legacy site is less than 1% of the total range of the White-eye. Therefore, this species does not qualify as a trigger species under the KBA Standard (2016).

The objective of an Integrated Ecosystem Management Plan (IEMP) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of Phase 2a and 2b activities that contribute towards the and Integrated Ecosystem Management Plan (IEMP) for the ESRAM study for Wiawi (on Malekula Island), with other reports providing similar overviews for the communities of Laone (Pentecost Island), Tenmaru, and South West Bay (both Malekula Island) (see Figure 1).

The objective of an Integrated Ecosystem Management Planning (IEMP) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of Phase 2a and 2b activities that contribute towards the and Integrated Ecosystem Management Plan (IEMP) for the ESRAM study for Tenmaru (on Malekula Island), with other reports providing similar overviews for the communities of Laone (Pentecost Island), South West Bay, and Wiawi (both Malekula Island) (see Figure 1).

The objective of an Integrated Ecosystem Management Planning (IEMP) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of Phase 2a and 2b activities that contribute towards the and Integrated Ecosystem Management Plan (IEMP) for South West Bay (on Malekula Island), with other reports providing similar overviews for the communities of Laone (Pentecost Island), Tenmaru, and Wiawi (both Malekula Island) (see Figure 1).

The objective of an Integrated Ecosystem Management Planning (IEMP) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of Phase 2a and 2b activities that contribute towards the IEMP for North Pentecost (on Pentecost Island), with other reports providing similar overviews for the communities of Tenmaru, Wiawi, and South West Bay (on Malekula Island) (see Figure 1).

The Global Wetland Outlook 2025 presents a synthesis of scientific information on the value of the world's wetlands, the costs to society due to wetland loss and degradation and the scale investment needed to restore wetlands. It is based on the latest publications and data on the extent of inland, coastal and marine wetlands and global databases on the benefits that wetlands provide.

The objective of an Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of Phase 2a and 2b activities that contribute towards the Integrated Ecosystem Management Plan for Tenmaru (on Malekula Island), with other reports providing similar overviews for the communities of Laone (Pentecost Island) and Southwest Bay and Wiawi (on Malekula Island).

The objective of an Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM) process is to generate a robust planning baseline to inform the identification of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) options for strengthening the socio-ecological resilience of communities to the impacts of climate change and other direct anthropogenic impacts. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of Phase 2a and 2b activities that contribute towards the Integrated Ecosystem Management Plan for North Pentecost (Laone village), with other reports providing similar overviews for the communities of Tenmaru, Wiawi, and South West Bay (on Malekula Island).