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Immense concern for the sustainability and wastage of fish maw byproducts were expressed by interviewees. They reported that fish are becoming harder to catch and that sizes of fish caught are declining.

Understanding perceived equity is key, equity subjective, context-dependent and has implications for legitimacy, cooperation and wellbeing. Since gender in combination with other social characteristics, influence how people benefit or participate in management, examining perceived fairness from an intersectional perspective is crucial.

This project - Disaster Risk Reductino and Climate Change Impact Survey if Cultural Sites in the Republic of Palau: Reconnaissance Survey is the first phase of a longer-term initiative to examine archaeologically and culturally significant sites across the archipelago and assess their vulnerability to climate change, including but not limited to modelled projections of rising sea levels and sedimentation and erosion of sites vis-a-vis tidal inundation and rainfall.

In 2018, the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted a decision on protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). It contains the definition of an OECM and related scientific and technical advice that has broadened the scope of governance authorities and areas that can be engaged and recognised in global conservation efforts. The voluntary guidance on OECMs and protected areas, also included in the decision, promotes the use of diverse, effective and equitable governance models, the integration of protected areas and OECMs into wider landscapes and seascapes, and mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation across sectors.

Work on the poet-2020 global biodiversity framework is now well advanced and will outline a vision, goals and targets for the next decade of biodiversity conservation and beyond. For the effectiveness of Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, an indicator has been proposed for areas meeting their documented ecological objectives.

There is a growing recognition that conservation strategies should be designed accounting for cross-realm connections, such as freshwater connections to land and sea, to ensure effectiveness of marine spatial protection and minimize perverse outcomes of changing land-use. Yet, examples of integration across realms are relatively scarce, with most targeting priorities in a single realm, such as marine or freshwater, while minimizing threats originating in terrestrial ecosystems. To date, no study has optimized priorities across multiple realms to produce a spatially explicit integrated conservation plan that simultaneously accounts for multiple human activities at a national scale. This represents a major gap in the application of existing cross-realm planning theory. We present a national scale conservation framework for selecting protected areas using a case study of Papua New Guinea (PNG) that integrates multiple systems and ecological connectivity to account for cross-realm benefits and minimize threats of land-use and climate change. The relative importance of both the forests and inshore reef environments to PNG subsistence and commercial livelihoods emphasizes the importance of considering the connections between the land and sea. The plan was commissioned by the PNG Conservation and Environment Protection Authority and identifies a comprehensive set of priorities that meet conservation targets in both the land and sea. Our national-scale prioritization framework is useful for agencies and managers looking to implement actions given multiple objectives, including watershed management and biodiversity protection, and ensures actions are efficient and effective across the land and sea.

We report three major and confronting environmental issues that have received little attention and require urgent action. First, we review the evidence that future environmental conditions will be far more dangerous than currently believed. The scale of the threats to the biosphere and all its lifeform including humanity is in fact so great that it is difficult to grasp for even well-informed experts. Second we ask what political or economic system, or leadership, is prepared ti handle the predicted disasters, or even capable of such actions. Third, this dire situation places as extraordinary responsibility on scientists to speak out candidly and accurately when engaging with government, business and the public.

This policy analysis identifies threats to coral reefs, evaluates the effectiveness of the existing legal framework to address these threats and formulates recommendations to strengthen community-based natural resource management in Solomon Islands coral reefs of crucial importance for food security and rural livelihoods in the archipelago. Logging is a major yet often overlooked threat to coral reefs in the country. Large-scale logging operations cause massive erosion, which has a detrimental effect on water quality. The shipping accidents oil pollution and uncontrolled construction of log pond associated with the logging industry also have a significant impact on coastal ecosystems.

Increasingly frequent severe coral bleaching is among the greatest threats to coral reefs posed by climate change. Global climate models (GCMs) project great spatial variation in the timing of annual severe bleaching (ASB) conditions, a point at which reefs are certain to change and recovery will be limited.

A comprehensive series of nuclear tests were carried out by the United States at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands, especially between 1952 and 1958. A Porites Lutea coral that was growing in the Enewetak lagoon within a few km of all of the high-yield tests contains a continuous record of isotopes, which are of interest (e.g. 14 C, 236 U, 239, 240 Pu) through the testing period. Prior to the present work, 14C measurements at ~2-month resolution had shown pronounced peaks in the D 14C data that coincided with the times at which tests were conducted. Here were port measurements of 236 U and 239, 240 Pu on the same coral using accelerator mass spectrometry, and again nd prominent peaks in the concentrations of these isotopes that closely follow those in 14C. Consistent with the 14C data, the magnitudes of these peaks do not, however, correlate well with the explosive yields of the corresponding tests, indicating that smaller tests probably contributed disproportionately to the debris that fell in the lagoon. Additional information about the different tests can also be obtained from the 236 U/ 239 Pu and 240 Pu/ 239 Pu ratios, which are found to vary dramatically over the testing period. In particular, the rst thermonuclear test, Ivy-Mike, has characteristic 236 U/239 Pu and 240 Pu/ 239 Pu signatures which are diagnostic of the rst arrival of nuclear test material in various archives.