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Despite a decade of global efforts to protect and restore biodiversity, not one of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity targets was fully achieved in 2020 deadline and biodiversity loss continues at an unprecedented rate. The convention on Biological Diversity's post-2020 global biodiversity framework (GBF) is the ambitious successor of the CBD's 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. Development of the GBF and its associated monitoring and reporting framework is on-going, involving a comprehensive preparatory process.

The development of the first Comprehensive Manual on Port Reception Facilities was agreed at the thirty second session of the Maritime Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in March 1992.

Expropriation of land removes the main foundation upon which people's productive systems, commercial activities, and livelihoods are constructed. This is the principal form of de-capitalization and pauperization of displaced people, as they lose both natural and man-made capital.