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While significant government resources need to address the social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, climate change and biodiversity loss remain urgent global challenges.

Impact and challenges across all levels of society - families, communities, institutions, jobs, restrictions on personal freedom, traditions and customs, security. Impact on health system could result in increased health investment, workforce preparedness.

One Health is the collaborative effort to multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally - to attain optimal health for people animals and our environment. Ecohealth fostering the health of humans, animals and ecosystems recognises the inextricable linkages between the health of all species and their environments.

We depend on biodiversity and healthy ecosystems for our health and survival. Biodiversity and the complexity of our landscape and seascape is integral to social and ecological resilience., including the resilience of ecosystem functions and the services that they sustain.

Covid-19 pandemic is a reminder of the intimate and delicate relationship between people and planet. Any efforts to make our world safer are doomed to fail unless they address the critical interface between people and pathogens and the existential threat of climate change that is making our Earth less habitable.

SEA is the analytic and participatory approaches that aim to integrate environmental considerations into policies, plans and programmes and evaluate the inter linkages with economic and social considerations.

Costal reefs provide coastal protection, improve water quality, attracting both marine life and tourists. Tourism developments ventures need ti protect these areas and not cause unintended impacts through increased demand for fresh fish in restaurants, souvenir trade, waste to poorly guide tours directly damaging corals.

Degradation has significantly altered Earth's ecosystems. Globally only 40.5% of the forest areas have high landscape level integrity ( mostly in Canada, Russia, Amazon, Central Africa, New Guinea.

The world has a total forest area 4.06 billion hectares (ha) which is 31% of the total land area. this area is equivalent to 0.52 ha per person. The world has lost a net area of 178 million ha of forest since 1990, which is an area bout the size of Libya. The rate of the net forest loss decreased substantially over the period 1990-2020 due to a reduction in deforestation in some countries, plus increases in forest area in others through afforestation and the natural expansion of forests.

The basic guide for developing SMART Objectives is designed to provide further guidance to country focal points as they develop in-country concept investments for PacWastePlus supported projects and activities. A SMART Objective should guide future project concept developments by countries as well.