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Scientists, industry and policy-makers have turned increasing attention toward the oceans as a sources of climate change mitigation solutions. Efforts to develop ocean-based climate interventions (OBCIs) to remove and sequester CO2 manage solar radiation, or produce renewable energy have accelerated.

Waste is the most tangible form of pollution. At every stage of production and consumption, we create waste and throw it away, rendering it invisible from our lives. Hazardous waste takes many forms. It includes the bu-products of manufacturing or industrial processes, like toxic ash or sludge.