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The concept of “sustainable development” dates back a long time, but it was at the United Nations (UN) Conference on Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972) that the international community met for the first time to consider global environment and development needs, to define principles for the preservation and enhancement of the natural environment and to highlight the need to support people in this process. Later, in 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, 178 heads of state adopted three important documents: a comprehensive plan of action entitled Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of Principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests.

On low lying coral islands, potable water is commonly sourced from shallow, fresh groundwater lenses. Although rainwater is also collected in tanks in the wet periods, dependence on the lense for all water needs becomes critical in dry periods. Protecting the groundwater from pollution is a major concern. In the management of reticulated supplies private land is sometimes converted to a public reserve to restrict access and use in an attempt to ensure that groundwater is protected from surface contaminants. Usually this is achieved by a lease agreement between landholders and the government utility and this arrangement can be politically, socially and economically contentious. However in the village context where private wells are still used by landholders, control of pollution sources is more practically complex, while still raising many sociocultural considerations. This paper describes