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Lime juice and vinegar injections as a cheap and natural alternative to control COTS outbreaks
BRB
Available Online

Moutardler, Gregoire ... et al.

2015
Outbreaks of the corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastar Acanthaster planci (COTS) represent one of the greatest disturbances to coral reef ecosystems in the Indo-Pacific, affecting not only coral reefs but also the coastal communities which rely on their resources. While injection approaches are increasingly used in an attempt to control COTS densities, most of them display severe drawbacks including logistical challenges, high residual environmental impacts or low cost-effectiveness. We tested a new alternative control method based upon acidic injections of cheap, 100% natural products. We investigated the lethal doses, intraand inter-specific disease transmission and immune responses of COTS when injected with fresh lime juice (extracted from local Citrus arantifolia) and white spirit vinegar. High COTS mortality was achieved with small volumes: 10–20 ml per seastar induced death in 89%/ 97% of injected specimens after an average 34.3 h/29.8 h for lime juice and vinegar respectively. Highest efficiency was reached for both solutions with double shots of (2 × 10 ml) in two different areas on the body: 100% mortality occurred within 12–24 h, which is similar or faster compared with other current injection methods. Multiple immune measures suggested that death was very likely caused by pH stress from the acidic solutions rather than a bacterial infection. Contagion to either conspecifics or a variety of other reef species was not observed, even at COTS densities 15 times higher than the highest naturally reported. 10 to 20 l lime juice/vinegar could kill up to a thousand COTS at a cost of less than 0.05 USD per specimen; no permits or special handling procedures are required. We conclude that injections of lime juice and vinegar offer great advantages when compared to current best practises and constitute a cheap and natural option for all reefs affected by COTS
A political future for protected areas
Available Online

McNeely, Jeffrey

2015
The World Parks Congress has been organized by IUCN every decade since . The first two Congresses were held in the USA (Seattle, ; Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks, ), with the next three in developing countries (Bali, Indonesia, ; Caracas, Venezuela, ; Durban, South Africa, ). (Full disclosure: I was Deputy Secretary-General at Bali and Secretary-General at Caracas). Sydney, Australia, hosted the sixth Congress on – November , welcoming over , participants from countries. The purpose of the Congresses, broadly speaking, is to review progress in protected areas over the previous decade, assess the current state of protected areas, and chart a course for the coming decade.
Poverty Reduction Policies and Practices in Developing Asia
Available Online

Almas Heshmati, Esfandiar Maasoumi, Guanghua Wan

2015
This edited volume is part of a project funded under the Asian Development Bank’s Research and Development Technical Assistances (TAs): TA 7907 on Drivers of Poverty Reduction in Asia and the Pacific and TA 8239 on Addressing Knowledge and Statistical Gaps in Relation to Poverty Reduction, Inequality, and Inclusive Growth.
Climate change: a risk assessment.
Available Online

Dadi, Zhou

,

Ghosh, Arunabha

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King, David

,

Schrag, Daniel

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Sharpe, Simon

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Ye, Qi

2015
The Earth’s climate has changed dramatically in the past. It has swung in and out of ice ages, at whose peak great swathes of North America, Europe and northern Asia were covered in sheets of ice three kilometres thick. It has been through periods of extreme heat, where subtropical climates existed in high northern latitudes. The height of the oceans has changed by more than a hundred metres.
Samoa city development strategy : planning for resilience
Available Online
2015
Samoa is witnessing significant urbanization which has placed burgeoning pressures on the physical, environmental, social, cultural, legal and institutional systems and financial resources of the Government. Corresponding with this, the capital city of Apia has experienced extreme and extensive impacts from climate change and natural disaster events
Samoa's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2015 - 2020
Available Online
2015
Samoa's updated NBSAP adopts the Global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 template and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets (ABT) as a flexible framework in compliance with the tenth Conference of the Parties (COP 10) Decision X/2. In doing so, Samoa's NBSAP is now properly aligned with the Global Strategic Plan and Aichi Biodiversity Targets, recognizing the strategic importance of doing so, to facilitate global biodiversity monitoing and assessment based on the three main objectives of the Convention - conservation of biodiversity, sustainable and equitable sharing of its benefits with celar linkages to the National Environment Sector Plan and Strategy for the Development of Samoa (SDS)
Samoa's aligned National Action Programme (NAP) to combat land degradation and mitigate the effects of drought 2015-2020
Available Online
2015
Samoa's aligned NAP to combat land degradation and mitigate the effects of drought 2015-2020 is the over-arching environmental policy and planning framework for guiding its implementation of an meeting its obligations to the United Nations Convention to combat Desertification (UNCCD) and Land Degradation and to mitigate the Effects of Droughts. The NAP was first developed and formally launched in 2006. In a simplified sense, the NAP addresses the causes and effects of land degradation events such as erosion, flooding, landslide, compaction, contamination and the decline in the quality of ecological services provided by land-based or soil-based ecosystems. The NAP also addresses the effects of droughts in a proactive manner through building the capacities of communities and ecosystems to become more resilience to the effects of droughts
Awareness Strategy - Management of Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Aquatic plant
Biodiversity Conservation, BRB
Available Online

Divison of Environment and Conservation

2015
Water lettuce is a free floating aquatic plant in rosettes of green leaves, rosettes occuring singly or connected to others by short stolons whose origins are uncertain. It forms large, dense floating mats. The plant can adapt to life in ponds, dams, lakes and quiet areas of rivers and streams, but cannot withstand salt water. Still continue with observation whether it is to survive in winter.
Environmental Assessment Report (DRAFT) - Proposed Grants and Administration of Grants for Additional Financing - Kingdom of Tonga: Outer Island Renewable Energy Project (Power distribution network upgrade work in Vava'u Island)
Available Online

Ministry of Finance and National Planning

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Tonga Power Ltd.

2015
The proposed additional financing for the Outer Island Energy Efficiency Project (the Project) will assist Tonga Power Ltd. (TPL) and the government of the Kingdom of Tonga (the government) efforts to minimize power distribution losses and reducing the fuel consumption of the existing diesel power plants. This will potentially avoid about 128 tons of CO2 per annum for the project as a whole and 104 tons of CO2 per annum for Vava’u alone.
South Pacific Regional Writeshop Evaluation
Climate Change Resilience
Available Online

Pacific Research and Evaluation Associates

2015
The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) collaborated with implementing partner SPREP to host a five day ‘Writeshop’ (workshop) in Fiji in 2011. The Writeshop was funded by the UNITAR Climate Change Capacity and Development (C3D+) Support programme. The objective/outcomes of the Writeshop were twofold: 1. To build capacity of young Pacific country scholars, practitioners and policymakers to write quality publishable papers in the area of climate change, particularly on climate change adaptation and the linkages to disaster risk reduction. 2. To produce quality publishable papers ready for peer-review and facilitate the publication of peer-reviewed articles in academic journals to inform the policy making process on climate change. This Writeshop evaluation was informed by desktop research, an online survey and interviews with some key stakeholders. The evaluation was guided by a set of evaluation questions. · Were approximately 16 quality publishable papers published in academic journals as a result of the Writeshop? · What factors have contributed to achieving or not achieving intended outputs and outcomes of the C3D+ project? · What progress toward the outcomes has been made by the C3D+ project? Has the C3D+ partnership between UNITAR and SPREP been appropriate and effective? · To what extent have the C3D+ project outputs and assistance contributed to outcomes of the PACC programme?

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