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Coral reef ecosystems are seriously threatened by changing conditions in the ocean. Although many factors are implicated, climate change has emerged as a dominant and rapidly growing threat.

Population counting was one of the first projects of the German government in Western Samoa and population censuses were taken in 1900, 1902, 1906 and 1911.

Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is an integrated and strategic response to the challenges of sustainable development. It addresses climate targets, while also providing solutions around other issues such as food security and biodiversity conservation. Notwithstanding its increasing familiarity projects that could be characterised as “pure” EbA are still few and far between. Instead, the term is often used to describe a broad variety of interventions that seek to link climate adaptation and natural resource management.

Invasive alien species on islands have broad impacts across biodiversity, agriculture, economy , health and culture, which tend to be stronger than on contitents.