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Reflect on the present, on the dynamics and the conditions that built it, and look forward at the same time, in search of a prospect to improve the future. Since Howard (1850–1928) and Geddes (1854–1932), this has been the dominant logic supporting the work of all those (architects, urban planners, planners, landscape architects, etc.) who grappled with city and territorial management and planning. However, from the 1970s, territorial planning has been confronted with new concepts – such as sustainable development, environmental sustainability and social equity – and more recently, new challenges – such as the ones linked to climate change, which led to the need to redefine territorial planning in disciplinary and operational terms. For some years now, the planner’s new role is under discussion, especially in relation to the challenges posed by climate change. Sustainability, mitigation, adaptation, renewable energy, low-carbon transition, ecosystem approach and post-disaster planning are just some of the new keywords surrounding the discussion on territorial management and planning. This chapter aims to present rationally, what it means to re-organize and re-think the city, in a long-term perspective. It wants to show how it is possible, and above all is a duty to integrate the new concepts mentioned above in urban planning, to deal with the effects of climate change. The Urban Heat Islands contrast enters fully into the feasible experimentation with appropriate innovations in territorial planning. The paper draws attention to the Italian situation, in the light of the European reference framework.

Mangrove systems occur extensively on low gradient tropical shorelines, where sedimentation enables resilience during sea-level rise (SLR). Within mangroves, inundation frequencies across the intertidal slope cause zonation of different species with elevation. This tight sea-level control of the seaward margin and zones within mangroves has been demonstrated by precise EDM survey. Hence species zones in mangroves are definitive indicators of sea-level position, and pollen distributions record the locations of different zones in the sedimentary record. Pollen stratigraphic records can be used to reconstruct Holocene sea-levels and show mangrove response to change. Mangrove response to sea-level rise has been investigated in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Tonga and southern New Guinea. Radiocarbon dating of stratigraphy determined a sediment accretion rate of 1 mm a1for the low island locations, and up to 1.5 mm a"1 in two estuaries of southern New Guinea. The IPCC SLR projections of 9-88 cm by 2100 equate to a rate of 0.9-8.8 mm a"1. Mangrove recession events and replacement by lagoon environments are shown to occur during more rapid sea-level rise. In Bermuda rates of SLR exceed 2 mm a1and the largest mangrove area having existed for the last 2000 years lost 26% area in retreat of its seaward edge during the last century. In Tonga, a large mangrove swamp persisted 7000-5500 yr BP during SLR of 1.2 mm a1, then retreated when the rate increased. In Cayman 20 km of mangroves died back between 4080 and 3230 yr BP, during SLR of 2.8-3.3 mm a1, to become a lagoon. In extensive swamps of southern New Guinea gradual Late Holocene retreat of mangrove zones occurred with SLR of 0.67 mm a1. Hence while low island mangroves are likely to be the most sensitive to projected SLR, continental margin mangroves will also suffer disruption and retreat.