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In July 2016, the European Union adopted a list of invasive alien species of concern, and at present there are two freshwater ?sh species on the list. Member states are obliged to prevent further spread and to perform rapid eradication when problem species are discovered at new sites, but continental EU member states have limited experience with eradication of ?sh. Eradications are more likely to succeed if the invasive species is con?ned to insular habitats. Freshwater invasives can be regarded as island invasives, since their habitats have boundaries against shorelines, saline waters, waterfalls and dams, and these boundaries make eradications possible. CFT Legumine® containing rotenone is the only legal piscicide in the EU, and Norway has used CFT Legumine® in eradication e?orts for many years. Species that have been introduced outside their native range and have been successfully eradicated include minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), roach (Rutilus rutilus), pike (Esox lucius), common white?sh (Coregonus lavaretus), and the salmon parasite Gyrodactylus salaris. This manuscript summarises the eradication e?orts of invasive ?sh species and ?sh parasite species during the last two decades in Norway, covering eradications from such diverse habitats as small ponds, lakes, marshlands, small streams and large rivers. An estimated £100 million has been spent in the Gyrodactylus salaris eradication programme. Costs of invasive ?sh eradications are given, ranging from less than £10,000 to more than £200,000. There are no known invasive ?sh eradication failures in Norway in the last 20 years. A summary of the e?orts in Norway can be an aid for planning control and eradication measures of invasive ?sh species in other countries.

Invasive species are of signi?cant concern, especially in mega-diverse countries, because they cause negative e?ects such as loss of native biodiversity, ecological alterations, disease spread, and impacts on economic development and human health. In mainland Ecuador, information on invasive invertebrates in marine ecosystems is scarce. The objective of this study was to describe and locate the invasive species present in the rocky shores of the intertidal and subtidal zones along 10 areas (83 sites) covering most of the Ecuadorian coast during 2015–2016. Benthic macroinvertebrates communities were measured over quadrats located randomly on a 50 m transect positioned parallel to the coast in the intertidal and subtidal zone, covering an area of 1,860 km2. Six invasive species were recorded: Arthropoda (Amphibalanus amphitrite), Cnidaria (Pennaria disticha, Carijoa riisei), Bryozoa (Bugula neritina), Rhodophyta (Asparagopsis taxiformis) and Chlorophyta (Caulerpa racemosa). The areas with highest abundance of invasive species were in Jama (not a protected area), Marine and Costal Wildlife Reserve Puntilla of Santa Elena and Santa Clara Island Wildlife Refuge (protected areas). The most abundant species was Carijoa riisei with a relative abundance of up to 80%. It was the most aggressive of the invasive species registered in the subtidal zone, mainly in northern centre of the Ecuadorian coast. C. riisei is growing on native coral (Pocillopora spp.) and on sessile macroinvertebrate communities (Pinctada mazatlanica, Muricea appresa and Aplysina sp.) that are being a?ected by its invasion. This study must be taken into account by local and regional government authorities to create public policy programmes of monitoring for surveillance and control of invasive species. These programmes should focus on integration of socio-economic and ecological e?ects. They should be complemented by experimental design and analysis of environmental variables to provide technical information for a baseline of bio-invasion analysis along the Ecuadorian coast and Galápagos, to avoid the expansion of invasive species negatively a?ecting the marine biodiversity of mega-diverse countries such as Ecuador and other countries of South America.