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North Pacific blue shark stock assessment

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Kleiber, Pierre ... [et al.]

A stock assessment of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) population in the North Pacific was conducted using catch and effort data from commercial longline and large mesh driftnet fisheries from the years 1971 through 2002 as well as small mesh driftnet fisheries operating primarily in the 1980s. Because reporting of shark catch has not been required in these fisheries, which target primarily tunas, a system for identifying the more reliable longline catch reports was utilized. Two different assessment models were utilized, a surplus production model, and an integrated age and spatial structured model tested with a variety of structural assumptions. The two models were found to be in general agreement. The trends in abundance in the production model and all alternate runs of the integrated model show the same pattern of decline in the 1980s followed by recovery to above the level at the start of the time series. The integrated model analyses indicated some probability (around 30%) that biomass at the end of the time series was less than BMSY (overfished) and that there was a lesser probability at that time that fishing mortality was greater than FMSY (overfishing occurring). There was an increasing trend in total effort expended by longline fisheries toward the end of the time series, and this trend may have continued thereafter. It would be prudent to assume that the population is at least close to MSY level and fishing mortality may be approaching to the MSY level in the future.

Sea-level rise and storm surges: a comparative analysis of impacts in developing countries

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Dasgupta Susmita ... [et al.]

An increase in sea surface temperature is evident at all latitudes and in all oceans. The current understanding is that ocean warming plays a major role in intensified cyclone activity and heightened storm surges. The vulnerability of coastlines to intensified storm surges can be ascertained by overlaying Geographic Information System information with data on land, population c density, agriculture, urban extent, major cities, wetlands, and gross domestic product for inundation zones likely to experience more intense storms and a 1 meter sealevel rise. The results show severe impacts are likely to be limited to a relatively small number of countries and a cluster of large cities at the low end of the international income distribution.

Gap analysis in Samoa: preliminary findings

Available Online

Atherton James

A gap analysis is an analysis of how effective our current PA network is in conserving our biodiversity Essentially the gap analysis is an overlay of the ideal set of conservation areas on the current PA network to see where the gaps are Why do a gap analysis? I. To promote the strategic expansion of the existing PA network in order to meet agreed NBSAP and CBD commitments II. To strengthen and consolidate the management of existing PA networks III. To fill in the information gaps required to inform i) and ii).

samoa

Navigating the Western Pacific Council Process : a guide to the Western Pacfiic Reional Fishery Management Council

Biodiversity Conservation

Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council

Climate change adaptation in the water sector

Climate Change Resilience

Ludwig Fulco ... [et al.]

Community conserved areas: a review of status & needs in Melanesia and Polynesia : case studies-Cook islands - Aroko Muri; Fiji - Vueti Navakavu; Samoa - Safata; Solomon islands - Marau; Tuvalu - Nanumea; Vanuatu - Paunagisu

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Govan, Hugh ...[et al.]

Melanesia and Polynesia have seen an impressive increase in the number of marine protected areas over the last decade almost entirely due to the implementation or recognition of Community Conserved Areas based on regional assets in the form of traditional tenure and governance mechanisms. The same time period has seen the virtual demise of any other form of marine protected area in the independent countries of the South Pacific. CCAs account for over 500 sites covering over 12,000 km2 of which more than 1,000 km2 is no-take.

The right to survive: the humanitarian challenge for the twenty-first century

Climate Change Resilience

Schuermer-Cross, Tanja

Taylor, Ben Heaven

Each year, on average, almost 250 million people are affected by natural disasters. In a typical year between 1998 and 2007, 98 per cent of them suffered from climate-related disasters such as droughts and floods rather than, for example, devastating but relatively rare events such as earthquakes. According to new research for this report, by 2015 this could grow by more than 50 per cent to an average of over 375 million affected by climate-related disasters each year. Any such projection is not an exact science, but it is clear that substantially more people may be affected by disasters in the very near, not just distant, future, as climate change and environmental mismanagement create a proliferation of droughts, landslides, floods and other local disasters. And more people will be vulnerable to them because of their poverty and location. Some of these environmental changes will also increase the threat of new conflicts, which will mean more people displaced, and more need for humanitarian aid. One recent report estimated that 46 countries will face a high risk of violent conflict when climate change exacerbates traditional security threats. Already, there is evidence that the number of conflicts is again on the rise,5 while the threat of long-running conflicts creating vast new humanitarian demands was painfully shown by the upsurge of violence in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo in 2008. In short, by 2015, an unprecedented level of need for humanitarian assistance could overwhelm the worlds current humanitarian capacity. Already, many governments fail to cope with threats like storms, floods and earthquakes. They fail to act quickly or effectively enough in response to these events, or to take preventative action to reduce unnecessary deaths and suffering. Indeed, the very actions of some governments and their national elites place marginalised people at risk from disasters by discriminating against them, like those forced to live in flimsy slum housing so easily destroyed by floods and landslips. At the same time, international humanitarian assistance is often too slow or inappropriate, and the UN-led reforms since 2005 to improve it have only begun to make a difference.

Building gendered approaches to adaptation in the Pacific

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Lane Ruth

McNaught

This article reflects upon how gendered approaches to climate-change adaptation can be strengthened in the Pacific region. The article looks at what has been learnt in the region, surveys some examples of best practice in gender-responsive programming, identifies the challenges we face on our journey, and suggests future directions. It is a collaborative effort, comprising input from a number of agencies who have been proactive in the areas of gender, climate change, and disaster risk-reduction in the Pacific Region, including: the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement in the Pacific region; the UNDP Pacific Centre; and World Wildlife Funds (WWF) Fiji Country Programme.

Climate literacy: the essential principles of climate sciences: a guide for individuals and communities, a climate- oriented approach for learners of all ages

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation, PCCP

Available Online

Throughout its history, Earths climate has varied, reflecting the complex interactions and dependencies of the solar, oceanic, terrestrial, atmospheric, and living components that make up planet Earths systems. For at least the last million years, our world has experienced cycles of warming and cooling that take approximately 100,000 years to complete. Over the course of each cycle, global average temperatures have fallen and then risen again by about 9°F (5°C), each time taking Earth into an ice age and then warming it again. This cycle is believed associated with regular changes in Earths orbit that alter the intensity of solar energy the planet receives. Earths climate has also been influenced on very long timescales by changes in ocean circulation that result from plate tectonic movements. Earths climate has changed abruptly at times, sometimes as a result of slower natural processes such as shifts in ocean circulation, sometimes due to sudden events such as massive volcanic eruptions. Species and ecosystems have either adapted to these past climate variations or perished.

Regional Institutional Framework Review (RIF): an analysis assessment and validation of the Regional Institutional Arrangement proposed by the CEOs of SOPAC, SPC and SPREP, consultant's final report : part 1, 6th April 2009

Available Online

Bennett Catherine

Howorth Russell

Pittman, Rewi Edwin

As part of the RIF review process, a team of three independent consultants were commissioned to analyse, assess and validate the most appropriate regional institutional arrangements based on a range of options provided by the CEOs of SOPAC, SPC and SPREP. The key rationale underpinning the work was to optimise service delivery, in particular ensuring the SOPAC work programme continued without diminution and was potentially enhanced. This document presents the Final Report of Part One of the consultancy.

oceania

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