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Adapation of forests and people to climate change : a global assessment report

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Buck Alexander

Katila Pia

Seppala Risto

Greenhouse gas emissions are the main anthropogenic cause of current climate change. The magnitude of future change will be affected by the extent to which these emissions are reduced. Regardless of climate change mitigation activities implemented today or in the near future, however, historical emissions and inertia in the climate system mean that further climate changes are inevitable. Some effects of climate change are already noticeable and there is a need and opportunity to be better prepared for future change. Individuals, societies and institutions should be aware of the impacts that climate change is likely to have and should have strategies in place to adapt to them. Forest, and the goods and services they provide, are essential for human well-being. An assessment of the likely impacts of climate change on forests and forest-dependent people, therefore, is important for effective climate change adaptation. Such an assessment can also assist the development of options for avoiding the harmful effects of climate change and to take advantage of the opportunities provided by it.

Assessing the costs of adaptation to climate change: a review of the UNFCCC and other recent estimates

Climate Change Resilience

Available Online

Parry, Martin..et al

Several recent studies have reported adaptation costs for climate change, including for developing countries. They have similar-sized estimates and have been influential in discussions on this issue. However, the studies have a number of deficiencies which need to be transparent and addressed more systematically in the future. A re-assessment of the UNFCCC estimates for 2030 suggests that they are likely to be substantial under-estimates. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the uncertainties in these estimates rather than to develop new cost estimates, which is a much larger task than can be accomplished here. The main reasons for under-estimation are that: (i) some sectors have not been included in an assessment of cost (e.g. ecosystems, energy, manufacturing, retailing, and tourism); (ii) some of those sectors which have been included have been only partially covered; and (iii) the additional costs of adaptation have sometimes been calculated as climate mark-ups against low levels of assumed investment. In some parts of the world low levels of investment have led to a current adaptation deficit, and this deficit will need to be made good by full funding of development, without which the funding for adaptation will be insufficient. Residual damages also need to be evaluated and reported because not all damages can be avoided due to technical and economic constraints. There is an urgent need for more detailed assessments of these costs, including case studies of costs of adaptation in specific places and sectors.

Monitoring functional groups of herbivorous reef fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience : practical guide for coral reef managers in the Asia Pacific Region

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Bellwood David R

Green Alison L

Coral reefs are the most structurally complex and taxonomically diverse marine ecosystems on earth, providing ecosystem goods and services for millions of people worldwide. These reefs are seriously threatened by a variety of anthropogenic threats, particularly overexploitation of marine resources, destructive fishing practices and runoff from poor land use practices. Over half of the world's reefs have already been lost or are under threat from these activities, with serious and widespread declines in reef health reported from around the world. Climate change also represents a new and increasing threat to coral reefs and associated ecosystems. Major threats include rising sea temperatures, rising sea levels and changes in ocean chemistry. Urgent action is now required to halt or reverse these threats and declines in coral reef health. One approach to the protection of reefs during this period of change is to manage for resilience.

The importance of giant clam fisheries management and trade to the Pacific [presented at the] Regional Management of Sustainable Fisheries for Giant Clams (Tridacnidae) and CITES Capacity Building workshop, Nadi, Fiji Islands (4th - 7th August, 2009)

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Kinch Jeff

There is a long traditional history of giant clam use in the Pacific, where they are an important source of food. They have also found much wider utility as a raw material for tools, containers and ornaments. During the 1960-1980s, there was a sharp increase in the illegal entry of foreign fishers, mostly Taiwanese fishing vessels. This activity reached its peak in the mid-1970s and then subsided in the face of strong international pressures over depleted stocks, and improved surveillance of reef areas. Giant clams are used commercially as aquarium specimens, seafood, including sashimi, shells and shell craft (especially the genus Hippopus). The majority of international trade is in giant clam adductor muscle and shells. The adductor muscle tissue is highly prized by Chinese gastronomes for its purported aphrodisiac properties.

Scoping, analysing and managing mining and development projects impacts in coastal areas

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Kinch, Jeff

PNG has an Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) of around 3,120,000 km², with a land area of 462,243 km² and a total coastline of approximately 17,110 km. Coral reefs are estimated to cover an area of 40,000km².

Pacific year of climate change 2009 : Our century's challenge : our Pacific response poster

SPREP Publications, Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

Climate change year 2009

Climate change poster

Climate Change Resilience, Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

Marine spatial planning: a step-by-step approach toward ecosystem-based management

Biodiversity Conservation

Available Online

Ehler, Charles

Fanny Douvere

During recent years, marine spatial planning (MSP) has been the focus of considerable interest throughout the world, particularly in heavily used marine areas. MSP offers countries an operational framework to maintain the value of their marine biodiversity while at the same time allowing sustainable use of the economic potential of their oceans. Essentially, MSP is an approach that can make key components of ecosystem-based management of marine areas a reality. Numerous attempts have been made to define both the scope and nature of MSP, but relatively few have discussed how to put it into practice. This guide aims at answering your questions about how to make MSP operational in such a way that can move your initiative toward successful results.

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) for the Solomon Islands

Available Online

Lap Winston

Pauku Richard L

The development of a Solomon Islands national biodiversity strategy and action plan is in response to the commitment made in ratifying the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in 1995. The broad goal of the convention for the Solomon Islands is to conserve and sustainably manage the biodiversity of Solomon Islands. This document, whilst highlighting the extremely high biodiversity of this nation of islands, also identifies some key threats and barriers to conserving biodiversity and focuses on actions to mitigate potential risks.

An assessment of the trade in Hawksbill turtles in Papua New Guinea

Available Online

Burgess Elizabeth A

Kinch Jeff

The trade in Hawksbill Turtles Eretmochelys imbricata, medium-sized cheloniids with a pan-tropical distribution, has been recognized as a key threat to their conservation in the wild, and has greatly contributed to the species being listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Milliken and Tokunaga, 1987; Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1989; Meylan and Donnelly, 1999; van Dijk and Shepherd, 2004; TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Indo china, 2004; Bräutigam and Eckert, 2006; Mortimer and Donnelly, 2007; IUCN, 2009). Sought after for its thick keratinous shell plates (often referred to as bekko or tortoiseshell), eggs, and sometimes meat, unsustainable harvest levels have endangered the Hawksbill Turtle throughout its distribution. Declines in populations in the Pacific have been widely reported (Hirth, 1971; Witzell and Banner, 1980; Pritchard, 1982; Balazs, 1983; Witzell, 1983; Johannes, 1986; Groombridge and Luxmoore, 1989; Miller, 1994; NMFS and USFWS, 1998; Meylan and Donnelly, 1999; Mortimer and Donnelly, 2007). Hawksbill Turtles and their eggs are widely used in Papua New Guinea for a variety of purposes, including subsistence, sale, barter (Spring, 1980, 1981, 1982a,b,c; Pernetta and Hill, 1981; Wright and Richards, 1983; Kinch, 1999, 2002, 2003a; Koczberski et al., 2006) and for celebrations at Christmas and the end of the school year, which coincide with the peak turtle nesting period in the austral summer months (Kwan, 1994; Kinch, 1999, 2002, 2003a). In many areas of Papua New Guinea, Hawksbill Turtles are also opportunistically taken as by-catch by fishers out on the reefs targeting lobsters, shellfish and sea cucumbers.

papua new guinea

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