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Most of the coastline on Kosrae, where this development has occurred, is prone to coastal hazards such as long-term shoreline change and episodic coastal inundation (particularly during times of high (king) tides, large swell and very occasionally due to typhoon events). The effects of ongoing and future climate change and sea-level rise will increasingly exacerbate the impact that these coastal hazards have on infrastructure, the five village communities and residential homes. Climate change stress will also potentially adversely impact on natural protective functions provided by reef systems, seagrass beds, mangrove strands, wetland areas and the coastal berm.