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There is now a strong consensus that climate change presents an urgent challenge to the well-being of all countries, particularly the poorest countries and the poorest people in them. Even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are successful, it is no longer possible to avoid some degree of global warming and climate change. The primary direct effects of climate change are an increase in droughts and floods, more seasonal peaks in river flow, and a higher probability of stronger tropical storms. The poorest countries and communities are likely to suffer the most because of their geographical location, tow incomes, and low institutional capacity, as well as their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture.