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The impact of Hurricane Frances (2004) on the invasive Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia L.) on San Salvador Island, the Bahamas
BRB
Available Online

Gamble, Douglas W.

,

Rodgers, John C.

2008
On September 2, 2004 Hurricane Frances (Category 3) passed directly over San Salvador Island, The Bahamas. This event offered the opportunity to gather baseline data regarding the impact of hurricanes on populations of the invasive Australian pine (Casuarina equisettifolia L.) in the Bahamas. Results of vegetation surveys within both forest stands and beach environments suggest that the overall impact of this hurricane was minimal. Less than 13% of forest individuals and 17% of beach individuals surveyed were damaged, and the majority of damage was restricted to just one location for both the forest and beach study sites. The most common damage type within the forest sites was “snapped” trees (8%) and this primarily occurred within trees ranging in size from 7–12 cm in diameter. Browning of the entire foliage was the most common damage type within the beach sites (9.3%) but this damage type only occurred within tree sizes less than or equal to 90 cm in height. Thus it appears that Hurricane Frances had a negligible effect on Australian pine populations as a whole on San Salvador Island and that this disturbance event will probably not limit future population expansion. It is suggested that more powerful or more frequent hurricanes would be needed to significantly affect Australian pine populations on San Salvador Island. Similar patterns in damage should be expected with comparable hurricane events on other islands in the Bahamas and for other tropical beaches in which this species has invaded.
Seaweeds of American Samoa
BRB
Available Online

Posa A. Skelton

This study provides the latest, up-to-date information on the diversity of marine plants (algae and seagrasses) of American Samoa. A general introduction to marine plants is provided, with observations on the flora of the islands. An illustrated guide to 67 macroalgae and seagrasses is provided in this report. The surveys covered 26 sites from four inhabited islands Tutuila, Aunu’u, Ofu and Olosega and two smaller uninhabited islands – Nu’utele and Nu’usilaelae. The habitats surveyed include subtidal sites to 20-m depth, inter tidal and the spray or splash zone. It also included surveys of relatively pristine coral reefs as well as high impact areas such as the inner Pago Pago Harbor. Two separate surveys, both over a two-week period in October 2002 and September 2003 were carried out and the final results are reported herein. A total of 635 specimens were analyzed and 239 algal and seagrass species were enumerated. The red algae (Rhodophyta) had the highest number of species with 133 identified. The green algae (Chlorophyta) had 60 species, the brown algae (Phaeophyta) had 29, and the blue-green (Cyanophyta) 27; only two seagrass species were found. This study showed that the flora of American Samoa is diverse, and that what is recorded reflects about 60% of the potential flora. The most diverse site was Utulei with 56 species; a site located near the Pago Pago Harbor entrance. Other notable diverse sites include the Fagatele National Marine Sanctuary with 50 species, Fagasa (44), Mafafa (36), Aua (32), and Onososopo and Fagaalu both with 31 species. The least diverse sites were the docks and the smaller Nu’usilaelae Island. This is attributed to the limited collections from these sites for safety reasons. There are no substantiated records of endemic algae or seagrasses from American Samoa. Two species recorded by the American phycologist, William Setchell in 1924 (Sargassum fonanonense and Sargassum anapense) need more studies to verify their endemicity, as similar species have been recorded in the neighboring Western Samoa islands, where they are known under different names. Four algae are considered to be recently introduced into the American Samoan flora. Halymenia durvillei and Caulerpa serrulata may have been introduced from Apia Harbor, Western Samoa, whereas Grateloupia filicina and Codium mamillosum may have been introduced from places beyond the Archipelago. Although only single specimens were collected for the latter two algae, it is prudent that monitoring and surveys must be maintained to keep abreast of any potential impacts. The flora of American Samoa fits in with the biogeographic theory of decreasing diversity away from the Indo-Pacific centre of biodiversity. The 222 species of red, green and brown algae is well above those of the Cook Islands (67) and the Easter Islands (134), but below that of French Polynesia (308). The reason for this disparity is attributed to the intensity of collections. The diversity of American Samoan seagrasses and algae are better known than those of neighboring island countries. To allow for a continuous buildup and maintenance of this knowledge the following observations and recommendations are made.
LA VALORISATION SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE DES ESPÈCES EXOTIQUES ENVAHISSANTES établies en milieux naturels : un moyen de régulation adapté ? Première analyse et identification de points de vigilance
BRB
Available Online

IUCN

Des invasions biologiques aux conséquences multiples: Les espèces exotiques envahissantes (EEE dans la suite de l‘ouvrage) constituent l’une des principales pressions sur la biodiversité à l’échelle mondiale, au même titre que la destruction des habitats naturels, la surexploitation des ressources, les pollutions ou le changement climatique. Les espèces introduites, lorsqu’elles se révèlent envahis¬santes, provoquent des impacts multiples, directs ou indi¬rects, affectant les espèces indigènes, les habitats naturels et les services rendus par les écosystèmes, mais égale¬ment les activités économiques et la santé humaine. Partout dans le monde, à des échelles géographiques et des intensités très variables, les EEE provoquent des altérations du fonctionnement des écosystèmes et causent la régres¬sion d’espèces indigènes. Selon les dernières estimations de la Liste rouge des espèces menacées de l’UICN, elles constituent une menace pour près d’un tiers des espèces terrestres menacées de disparition et sont impliquées dans la moitié des extinctions connues (UICN France, 2015). Sur le plan économique, les conséquences négatives des invasions biologiques peuvent être très importantes (Ket¬tunen et al., 2009). Les impacts qui génèrent des coûts économiques pour divers acteurs ou la société d’une manière générale sont multiples : dépréciation des rende¬ments agricoles, coûts sanitaires, coûts de régulation des invasions de ces espèces sur le terrain, coûts de restaura¬tion des milieux naturels envahis et, de manière plus diffi¬cilement quantifiable, les impacts sur les services rendus par les écosystèmes. Sur le plan sanitaire, de nombreuses espèces introduites constituent de plus une menace pour la faune et la flore ou pour la santé humaine. Elles peuvent être allergènes, pa¬thogènes ou toxiques, ou encore constituer des réservoirs ou des vecteurs de micro-organismes et virus pathogènes.
Forests, trees and food
BRB
Available Online
1992
Despite substantial increases in food production in many countries over the past two decades, the world is still poorly fed. Over 500 million people suffer from malnutrition; and every year about 20 million people die of starvation and its related diseases. In this situation, it is important that every effort be made to improve nutrition and increase food security, particularly for the rural poor. This publication aims to afford proper recognition to the contribution forests and trees make to the food economies of rural societies. It also outlines the changes that need to be made within forestry institutions to enable them to make a significant contribution to the food security of local communities. Food security is increased not only by the presence of forests but also by the small stands of trees found in homegardens and on farms. We use the term `cultivated trees' to describe the latter, and reserve the term `forests' for large stands of trees situated outside the homestead or farm, whether such forests are managed or not. Both play major, often little recognized roles in improving food security in rural communities. Parts of forest plants and trees are also used in traditional medicines. These medicines stimulate appetite, help the body to utilize nutrients in food, and fight infection. Tree products provide an extra source of income for the rural poor without which many families would go hungry or become malnourished. Fuelwood and charcoal, rattan and other materials for furniture making, tendu leaves for cigarette manufacture, gum arabic for a variety of industrial uses, numerous oils and resins, dyes and medicines are all sold by the rural poor. They enable millions of the poorest people in the world to earn the cash they need to avoid starvation. Forests and agroforestry systems also play important roles in stabilizing agriculture's resource base, for example, by slowing down soil erosion by wind and water and reducing sedimentation in rivers. In some cases, trees improve and enrich agricultural soil and help stabilize water supplies, thus improving soil productivity and making sustainable cultivation of marginal lands possible. Trees also exert important influences on micro-climates, thereby improving agricultural production.
Reports on invasive species on Pacific islands: survey report: American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana islands, Rota, Saipan, Tinian, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Yap, Guam, Kiribati, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Tonga
Biodiversity Conservation, BRB
Available Online

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

2011
Report to the Government of Samoa on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern
BRB
Available Online

Flynn Tim

,

Spaces, James C

2002
The objectives of the survey were to: (1) identify plant species presently causing problems to natural and semi-natural ecosystems; (2) identify species that, even though they are not presently a major problem, could spread more widely or are known to be problem species elsewhere; (3) confirm the absence of species that are a problem elsewhere and, if introduced to Samoa, could be a threat there; and (4) make appropriate recommendations.
Observation on invasive plant species in American Samoa / by James C. Space and Tim Flynn
BRB
Available Online

Space, J.C. and Flynn, T.

1999
This is a continuation of the survey of islands in Micronesia and American Samoa for invasive plant species requested by the Pacific Islands Committee, Council of Western State Foresters. A survey of selected Micronesian islands was conducted in 1998 and was discussed in a previous report2. This report is based on perceptions gained from a trip to American Samoa from 16 to 23 July 1999, including the islands of Tutuila, Ofu, Olosega and Ta'u. The objectives were three-fold: (1) To identify plant species on the islands that are presently causing problems to natural and semi-natural ecosystems; (2) to identify species that, even though they are not presently a major problem, could spread more widely or spread to other islands where they are not present, potentially causing problems; and (3) to confirm the absence of species that are a problem elsewhere and, if introduced to American Samoa, could be a threat there.
Equipment and supplier catalogue: Pacific Invasive Initiative (PII)
Biodiversity Conservation, BRB
Available Online

Pacific Invasive Initiative (PII)

2010
The purpose of this is to enable invasive species management practitioners to share information on equipment they have used and where it can be purchased. All the information on the catalogue has been provided by practitioners.
Global strategy on invasive alien species
BRB
Available Online

McNeely, J.A.

,

Mooney, L.E.

,

Neville, P.S.

,

Waage, J.K.

2001
Global strategy on invasive alien species.
Global Invasives Species Database (GISD)
BRB
Available Online

IUCN

The Global Invasive Species Database is a free, online searchable source of information about alien and invasive species that negatively impact biodiversity. The GISD aims to increase public awareness about invasive species and to facilitate effective prevention and management activities by disseminating specialist?s knowledge and experience to a broad global audience. It focuses on invasive alien species that threaten native biodiversity and natural areas and covers all taxonomic groups from micro-organisms to animals and plants.

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