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The 2020 global spatial targets for protected areas set by the Convention on Biological Diversity have almost been achieved, but management e3ffectiveness remains deficient.

Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves can reduce risk to people and infrastructure from wave damage and flooding. The continued provision of these coastal defence services by mangroves is dependent on their capacity to adapt to projected rates of sea level rise. This report exploresthe capacity of mangrove soil surfaces to increase in elevation in response to local rises in sea level.

PACC reports

Reports from the PACC project

n More than 60 percent of the world’s reefs are under immediate and direct threat from local sources—such as overfishing, destructive fishing, coastal development, watershed-based pollution, or marine-based pollution and damage (see map inside front cover). n Approximately 75 percent of the world’s coral reefs are rated as threatened when local threats are combined with thermal stress. This reflects the recent impacts of rising ocean temperatures, linked to the widespread weakening and mortality of corals due to mass coral bleaching (figure ES-1, column 6).

Technical report